Elements have unique electron configurations around atomic nucleus. Element electron configurations have groups and sequences {periodic table}|, from smallest to largest.
columns
Named columns are alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, chalcogen, halogen, and noble gas.
rows
First row has lightest elements, with electrons in first electron shell, 1s: elements 1 and 2.
Second row has common light elements with electrons in second electron shell, 2s and 2p: elements 3 to 10.
Third row has less common elements with electrons in third electron shell, 3s and 3p: elements 11 to 18.
Fourth row has elements with electrons in third and fourth electron shells, from 19 to 36.
Fifth row has elements with electrons in fourth and fifth electron shells, from 37 to 54.
Sixth row has elements with electrons in fifth and sixth electron shells, from 55 to 86.
Seventh row has elements with electrons in sixth and seventh electron shells, from 87 to 118.
large atoms
Uranium is element 92 and is the largest natural element. Manmade elements go up to 116, but as of 2011 people have not yet made elements 113 and 115. Neptunium is element 93. Plutonium is element 94. Americium is element 95. Curium is element 96. Berkelium is element 97. Californium is element 98. Einsteinium is element 99. Fermium is element 100. Mendelevium is element 101. Nobelium is element 102. Lawrencium is element 103.
6d orbital
Rutherfordium is element 104. Dubnium is element 105. Seaborgium is element 106. Bohrium is element 107. Hassium is element 108. Meitnerium is element 109. Darmstadtium is element 110. Roentgenium is element 111. Copernicium is element 112.
7p orbital
Ununtrium (not made as of 2011) is element 113. Ununquadium is element 114. Ununpentium (not made as of 2011) is element 115. Ununhexium is element 116. Ununseptium (not made as of 2011) is element 117. Ununoctium (not made as of 2011) is element 118.
orbitals
1s orbital has H and He.
2s orbital has Li and Be.
2p orbital has B, C, N, O, F, and Ne.
3s orbital has Na and Mg.
3p orbital has Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ar.
4s orbital has K and Ca.
3d orbital has Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.
4p orbital has Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, and Kr.
5s orbital has Rb and Sr.
4d orbital has Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, and Cd. Tc 43 is not in nature.
5p orbital has In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, and Xe.
6s orbital has Cs and Ba. 5d orbital has La.
4f orbital has Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. Pm 61 is not in nature.
5d orbital has Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and Hg. 6p orbital has Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, and Rn. At 85 is not in nature.
7s orbital has Fr and Ra. Fr 87 is not in nature.
6d orbital has Ac.
5f orbital has Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr. Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr {actinoid} are not in nature.
6d orbital has Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, and Cn and are not in nature.
7p orbital has Uut, Uuq, Uup, Uuh, Uus, and Uuo {transactinide element} {super heavy element} and are not in nature.
Stable artificial elements have a number {magic number} of protons or neutrons. Some {doubly magic isotope} have special numbers of both protons and neutrons. Lead-208 has 82 protons and 126 neutrons and is doubly magic. Elements 114, 120, or 126 can be doubly magic, with 184 neutrons.
Periodic table has columns {chemical group}|. Periodic table has 18 columns, one for each orbital.
Leftmost column or 1A column has soft metals {alkali metal} with low densities and melting points.
Second-from-left column or 2A column has harder, higher-density, and higher-melting-point metals {alkaline earth metal}.
Third-from-right column or 6A column has reactive elements {chalcogen} with slight colors.
Second-from-right column or 7A column has colorful and highly reactive gases, liquids, and solids {halogen}|.
Rightmost column or 8A column has inert colorless gases {noble gas}|.
Fourth and fifth rows have reactive elements {transition metal}, with many ionic forms, whose outermost electrons are in d orbitals, not in higher p orbitals. Metals in columns 4 to 16 have 10 d electrons.
Sixth row has elements {inner transition metal} with one or two electrons in d orbital and outermost electrons in f orbitals. Lanthanides and actinides {rare earth}, as well as scandium and yttrium, are solids.
First inner-transition-metal row {lanthanide series}, from element 58 to 71, is solids.
Second inner-transition-metal row {actinide series}, from element 90/91 to 103, is solids.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225